과학이란 무엇인가?

박재용, 이영희, 조희형

1998년 강원대학교 사범대학 과학교육과 B.S.
2007년 한국교원대학교 지구과학교육전공 Ed.M.
2012년 강원대학교 과학교육학과, Ed.D.
2018-서울교육대학교 과학교육과 교수
저서:《과학 수행평가》
역서:《중ㆍ고등학교 과학수업》, 《과학 교사 PCK 재개념화: 개선된 합의 모델(RCM)의 이해와 적용》

머리말 ················································································································3
서 론 ················································································································11

제1장 과학의 본성과 속성 ···················································································17
1. 과학의 정의 ···································································································17
2. 과학의 가치 ···································································································19
3. 과학의 목적 ···································································································21
1) 기술 ·············································································································23
2) 설명 ·············································································································24
3) 이해 ·············································································································24
4) 예상 ·············································································································25
5) 통제 ·············································································································26
4. 과학의 영역과 대상 ························································································27
1) 순수/기초과학 ································································································28
2) 응용과학 ·······································································································29
3) 과학기술 ·······································································································30
5. 과학에 대한 오인과 한계 ·················································································31
ㆍ 생각 정리하기 ··································································································34
ㆍ 생각 나누기 ·····································································································35

제2장 과학의 분야별 역사와 발달 ·········································································37
1. 물리학의 발달과 특성 ······················································································37
2. 화학의 발달과 특성 ·························································································41
3. 생명과학의 발달과 특성 ···················································································43
4. 지구과학의 발달과 특성 ···················································································45
5. 통합과학/융합과학의 특성 ················································································47
ㆍ 생각 정리하기 ··································································································49
ㆍ 생각 나누기 ·····································································································50

제3장 과학철학과 과학의 발달 모형 ······································································51
1. 경험주의와 귀납적 추리 ··················································································53
1) 경험주의의 형성과 발달 ··················································································54
2) 귀납적 추리 방법의 특성과 한계 ······································································55
3) 유비추리와 실용성 ··························································································58
2. 합리주의와 연역적 추리 ··················································································59
1) 이성주의의 형성과 발달 ··················································································59
2) 연역적 추리 방법의 특성 ·················································································61
3) 이성주의의 문제와 한계 ··················································································63
3. 실증주의와 가설-연역적 추리 ··········································································64
1) 실증주의의 형성과 발달 ··················································································64
2) 조작주의와 조작적 정의 ··················································································67
3) 환원주의와 과학의 통일 ··················································································68
4) 가설-연역적 추리 ···························································································71
4. 반증주의와 귀추적 추리 ··················································································73
1) 반증주의의 형성과 특성 ··················································································74
2) 반증주의와 반증가능성 ····················································································75
3) 과학적 방법으로서의 귀추적 추리 방법 ·····························································76
4) 반증주의의 문제와 한계 ··················································································78
5. 반논리실증주의와 본체의 존재 논증 ····························································