이탁오와 조선의 실학 (성리학을 비판한 유교의 개혁자)

신용철

저자신용철은
경희대사학과를졸업하고
독일하이델베르크대학에서석사와박사학위
경희대사학과교수로박물관장
경기도문화재위원과국사편찬위원
현경희대명예교수

주요저술

쓴책으로
동양의역사와문화
세계의역사와문화(공저)
홍콩은어디로가는가?
마카오1999년
통일시대의민주시민교육론(공저)
한중관계사(공저)
공자의천하중국을뒤흔든자유인이탁오李卓吾외

옮긴책으로
중국의문화적혁명(5.4운동)
중국현대정치사
중국인민해방군
박사학위논문,「이탁오의사회비평(독문)」외중국과이탁오관계논문등다수.

저자의말_5
화보_9
서론_왜우리는이탁오를말하는가?_25

1부_20세기중국의이탁오사상_35
1.중화민국초의이탁오발굴····························································36
1)우위의이탁오발굴_36
2)민국초진보적지식인들의이탁오평가_39
2.사회주의중국의이탁오사상수용···············································41
1)고대보다현대를중요시하는역사연구_41
2)반도학(유학)반봉건적사상_43
3)문학사상및비평가이지_45
3.문화대혁명시기의이탁오사상························································47
1)유물론적사상가이지_47
2)비림비공운동중이탁오사상_49

2부_현대중국에서찾는이탁오의발자취_61
1.동아시아사상의고향,이탁오의취안저우·································62
1)해상실크로드의출발지_62
2)외래문화와다양한종교의도시_66
2.취안저우의문물···················································································74
1)걸출한인물들과유명한차의고향_74
2)혜안의숭무고성과사후의금의환향_76
3.이지의사상적고향,용호서원과지불원·····································82
1)학문하던옛터,호북성마성의지불원_82
2)박해의도피처에이지서원_86
4.북경통주서해자공원의이탁오묘소·······································102
1)통주의옥중에서자결_102
2)어사장문달의이지탄핵문_107
3)북경교외의통주에있는이탁오의묘_111

3부_조선왕조에서만나는이탁오_121
1.이탁오의사상과조선의실학사조················································122
2.이탁오와임진왜란·············································································125
1)16세기동아시아의바다와왜구_125
2)임진왜란과이탁오_130
3)해적임도건과시대비판_134
4)허균의생애와사상_138
5)허균의중국사행시집을병조천록_142
3.이탁오와조선의실학·······································································148
1)지봉이수광과연암박지원_149
2)다산정약용과영재이건창_151
4.조선대중문학속의이탁오·····························································161
1)독창적대중문학사상_161
2)삼국지연의와수호지_166
3)홍길동전의모범이된걸작수호지_168

4부_현대한국언론속의이탁오_173
1.민주화시대의대학언론······································································174
1)전환기의이단적사상가이탁오_175
2)이탁오의역사시비론_185
2.21세기초대중매체,신문·······························································194
1)이지사상의고향,취안저우_194
2)유교에도전한동양의루터_196
3)바른길을걸어죄인이되다_201
4)독서.나를만나는기회_206
3.한국이탁오연구의새로운지평선··············································209
1)이탁오연구의초기상황_209
2)민주화시대이후의이탁오연구_210

5부_16세기동아시아의역사적가상_219
16세기말동아시아의세영웅···························································220
이탁오,현충사로이순신을방문하다················································229

6부_부록_253
1.중국의이탁오연구소식
2.한국과저자의이탁오연구소식
3.이지와이순신및허균의비교연대표
4.충무공이순신장군의현충사연혁
5.저서의중문요약－명대사상가이탁오와조선의실학

16세기명말유교의이단으로탄핵받아옥중에서자결했지만,20세기사회주의중국에서문화적영웅으로추앙받는독특한사상가가있다.시대의혜성처럼나타난문인이며학자이고,역사가로서평생허위와부조리의세태를거침없이신랄하게비판한이탁오이다.
그가중국에서학문적이나대중적으로찬양되는것은당연한데,일본에서도메이지유신의근대화에사상적영향을주었다고많이알려졌다.그러나한국에서만은널리알려지지않았다.성리학천하의조선왕조에서유교의이단자로탄핵받은그가용납될수없었고,근대의일제강점기에비판적사상가이어서,교류가단절된중국에서유물주의적사상가로찬양된이탁오가한국에설자리는없었다.
저자는이책에서현대중국에서이탁오의사상적위상을고찰하면서그의출생지,학문하던서원의옛터,도피처의현대서원및묘지등그의삶이얽힌자취들을답사하여사진과함께보여준다.
아울러유교의천하중국에서금지한이탁오의사상과서책을몰래들여와읽고그의사상에심취하여실천하려던조선의초시대적자유혁명사상가허균을찾아낸다.뒤이어실학의물고를튼이수광박지원정다산등의사상가들과,서민대중에파고든『삼국지』와『수호전』등문학에영향도거론한다.
저자는특히같은시대를살았던이탁오와충무공이순신의대화를가상해본다.이탁오가애써찾으려했던인간의본심이며진심인동심(童心)의전형적인물이바로충무공같은인물이라고생각해서이다.한번만나서실컷이야기해보고싶다는간절한이탁오의바래임으로조선구국영웅이순신을방문한다.

16세기중국반봉건투쟁의사상적선구자이며해방유학자이탁오

이탁오는누구인가?
16세기명말의탁오이지는유교를비판하고유물론적성격의사상을가진자유사상가이며,낭만적문학가이고비판적역사가였다.군자의예보다는농업과상업같은실제생활에유용한학문을중시하였고,남녀및계층의평등을주장하며,당국의인재등용을비판하였다.중화인민공화국에서중국역사상83명의영걸중하나로,북경의이탁오묘에쓰여있듯이‘일대종사’로추앙받고있다.중국과일본에서는대중화된이인물이한국에서는20세기말민주화시기에야뒤늦게알려지기시작하였다.

왜이탁오인가?
이탁오는사회적으로동심설을통해공직자의청렴을강조하였고,알맞는자리에신분을넘어능력위주의바른인재기용을주장하였으며,‘책을읽으면서도글자를모른다.’고사이비지식인을비판하면서실용을중시하였고,역사시비론으로옛것만고집하지말고역사도변화하는시대에맞아야한다고역설하였다.
이탁오의이호소와경구들은오늘을사는우리에게도건전한사회및선진화를위해하나도버릴것없이귀중한요구이며준칙들이다.즉16세기의혼란한동아시아유교사회의부조리와명왕조의몰락을보면서외치던이탁오의경구는21세기에도우리에게도아직도절실하지않은가?

이탁오는조선의실학에영향을주었다.
조선의중기외래사상의수용으로국가의이념과학파등모든조건을갖춘성리학이조선개국이래가장먼저관학의지위에올랐고,국가의이념으로서는배제되었지만,학파로서양명학이그뒤를따랐다.
이양명학의급진적좌파로불리는세칭‘이단자’,이탁오의사상은비록위의두사상의조건을갖추지못했지만,그래도진보적학자들에의해비밀리에수용되었다.그의대표적인인물이바로동시대를34년함께살았던조선의초시대적자유사상가허균이다.그의정치사상,종교관,문학관,특히여성관등은이탁오로부터영향이크다.
‘한국의이탁오’라고불릴정도로과격했던허균의좌절이후,그의사상은지하수나,모닥불에꺼지지않은불씨처럼이수광,정약용,박지원,이건창등실학의선구자들에게계승되었다.자유로운인간의본성인동심을바탕으로쓰인『삼국지』와『수호전』등문학작품들도조선의서민정서에큰영향을주었다.

이탁오와이순신의가상의대화
같은시대에살면서만나지못했던16세기말중국과조선의두영웅의대화를가상했다.이탁오는문인이어서붓으로경직된부조리의세상과싸우다죽었고,충무공은무장으로서수많은적들과싸우며전사했다.국적이다르고문과무가다르지만그들은모두다른사람의칭찬이나비난에상관없이올바른길을가다삶을마감했다.유교의대덕목처럼‘한몸을죽여仁을이룬것이다(殺身成仁).
생전에두영웅이만나고싶은인물의듣고싶은절실한이야기들을생각해보았다.두위인은대화를통해조선과중국의어려운상황과세계적인바다의정세및동아시아가앞으로나아가야할미래에대해이야기를나눈다.