표도르튜체프지음,이수연옮김
저자표도르튜체프(ФёдорИ.Тютчев,1803~1873)는1803년모스크바근교옵스투그에서오래된귀족가문의아들로태어났다.유년시절의대부분을옵스투그에있는가문의영지에서보냈다.그의가족들은전통적인가부장제에입각한지주의풍습을고수하고있었다.그런가운데튜체프는훌륭한가정교육을받았으며,튜체프자신또한어린시절부터학업에대한특별한열정을보였다.그의가정교사는시인이자번역가로유명했던라이치(C.E.Raich,1792∼1855)였는데,라이치는튜체프에게고대문학과고전이탈리아문학을탐독하게했다.열두살이되던해에튜체프는라이치의도움을받아그리스·로마시대시인들의시를번역하기도했으며,그시를모방한시를쓰기도했다.1819년튜체프는모스크바대학의문학창작부에입학했다.이때그는포고딘(M.Погодин),셰비레프(С.Шевырев),오도옙스키(В.Одоевский)와깊은우정을나누었으며,그결과슬라브주의자로서의시각을형성하게된다.튜체프는학업에정진하면서도많은시를썼다.하지만튜체프는학업을마치자뮌헨에있는러시아공관에외교관으로파견되어러시아를떠난다.유럽문화의중심지라고할수있는뮌헨에서튜체프는소신있는외교관이자문학애호가로알려지면서사교계의주요인물이된다.이때그는셸링과개인적인친분을맺게되면서독일낭만주의와철학에깊은관심을갖게되었으며,하이네와는절친한친구였다.튜체프는하이네의시를러시아어로번역한최초의시인이기도하다.하이네외에실러와괴테의시를러시아어로번역하기도했다.한편,이당시튜체프가쓴자작시들은＜망원경＞,＜북방의선율＞이라는러시아잡지에종종실리기도했다.1826년튜체프는페테르손(E.Peterson)과첫번째결혼을했다.결혼후에도튜체프는다른여자와몇번의로맨스를가짐으로써스캔들의주인공이되기도했는데,그중데른베르크(E.Dernberg)와의로맨스는크게물의를일으켜결국뮌헨에서토리노로좌천되는계기가되었다.더욱이튜체프는1838년첫번째아내가페테르부르크로가는배의침몰로인해사망하자데른베르크와재혼하고자했다.이때튜체프는근무지를무단이탈해스위스로갔고,그결과외교관으로서의자격마저박탈되기도했다.
그이후몇년간독일에머물러있던튜체프는1844년러시아로귀환했다.그리고1843년부터러시아와서구에대한저술에전념했다.그저술에서튜체프는러시아와동유럽의연합에대한필요성을역설했고,러시아를중심으로한전슬라브민족의통합을주장했다.이러한정치적견해는니콜라이1세의관심을불러일으켰고,황제는튜체프를다시관직에복귀시켰다.1848년튜체프는페테르부르크외무부에특채로다시들어가게되었고,외국에서들어오는서적검열을총괄하는책임자로일하게되었다.그리고튜체프는곧페테르부르크사교계의거물급인사가되었다.그의재치있는입담과박식함,노련한대화술등은많은사람들을감탄하게했다.이와때를같이해그의시역시새롭게유명세를타기시작했다.1850년＜현대인＞에튜체프의시는다시게재되었다.이와더불어네크라소프(Н.Некрасов)의비평도실렸다.네크라소프는자신의비평에서튜체프를푸시킨과레르몬토프에견줄만한위대한시인으로칭송했다.이후투르게네프(И.Турге?нев)의주선으로튜체프의시집이발간되었다.당대의많은시인들역시튜체프를러시아최고시인의한사람으로평가했다.1850년은튜체프의일생에획기적인사건이일어난해다.이때그는거의딸과비슷한나이인데니시예바(E.Денисьева)를만났고,그녀와사랑에빠지게된것이다.결혼생활을유지하는가운데이루어진데니시예바와의사랑은사교계의큰가십거리가되었으며,그로인해데니시예바는자신의가문에서축출되기까지했다.데니시예바는세명의아이를낳았지만그녀는튜체프를사랑하는대가를처절하게치러야했으며,1864년짧았던생을마감하게된다.사인은폐렴이었다.데니시예바가죽고난후튜체프는깊은죄의식속에살았으며,데니시예바를향한그리움과죄의식을시로풀어냈다.러시아에머물수없어서1년간외국에머물기도했다.방황을마치고러시아로돌아온그는또다른슬픔을경험해야했다.데니시예바와의사이에서낳은두명의아이가죽었고,어머니와유일한동생이연이어사망했기때문이다.이때의심정은＜오랫동안나와함께한아우에게…(Брат,стольколетсопутствовавшиймне...)＞(1870)라는시에잘나타나있다.이시에서튜체프는이미자신의삶도거의끝났음을예견하고있다.그리고3년후,1873년6월에사망했다.
봄의뇌우 ··················3
숨바꼭질(Cache-Cache) ··················5
여름저녁 ··················7
환상 ··················9
불면 ··················10
산속의아침 ··················12
눈덮인산 ··················13
마지막재앙 ··················15
저녁 ··················16
정오 ··················17
＊대양이둥근대지를감싸듯 ··················18
＊둥근하늘이애처로이 ··················19
평온 ··················20
실성 ··················21
＊무릎까지빠져드는모래를뚫고 ··················23
가을저녁 ··················24
잎사귀 ··················25
＊이날을나는기억하오,나에게 ··················27
말라리아(MAL’ARIA) ··················28
봄물 ··················30
침묵(Silentium!) ··················31
＊뜨거운재위로 ··················33
봄이주는평안 ··················34
＊인간의숭고한나무 ··················35
문제(Probleme) ··················36
스칼드의하프 ··················37
＊나는루터교의예배를좋아한다 ··················38
＊이곳에서저곳으로,이도시에서저도시로 ··················39
＊나는기억한다.황금빛시간을 ··················41
＊밤바람이여,왜울부짖는가 ··················43
＊폭풍전야처럼 ··················44
＊버드나무여!왜그리냇가에 ··················46
＊안개깔린음산한저녁 ··················47
＊관은이미무덤속에내려지고 ···················48
＊이른새벽,새처럼 ··················50
＊포도밭언덕위로 ··················52
＊사색에잠겨홀로앉아 ··················53
＊겨울은이유없이화를내지않는다 ··················55
＊정녕,당신에대한사랑을 ··················57
＊달콤한단잠에빠진짙은초록의정원 ··················58
＊회청색의그림자가하나가되었다 ··················60
＊거칠고험한계곡 ··················61
＊들판에서날아오른매 ··················62
분수 ··················63
＊영혼은별이되고싶었다 ··················64
＊자연은그대가상상하는것이아니다 ··················65
＊아직도대지는황량한데 ··················67
＊너의눈빛에는감정도없다 ··················68
＊보라,석양빛으로 ··················69
낮과밤 ··················70
＊믿지말라,여인이여,시인을믿지말라 ··················71
＊아직도그리움에사무치네 ··················73
＊주저하고머뭇거리며 ··················74
＊이렇게다시너와만났구나 ··················76
＊고요한밤,늦은여름 ··················78
＊인간의눈물,인간의눈물이여 ··················79
＊사보이의사랑스런전나무를 ··················80
러시아의딸들에게 ··················81
시 ··················82
로마의밤 ··················83
＊향연은끝나고노랫소리사라졌다 ··················84
＊주여,위로해주소서 ··················86
＊조용하고어두운곳 ··················88
＊정죄하지마라,낙심하지마라 ··················90
두목소리 ··················91
＊보아라,해빙하는강변에 ··················93
＊오,우리는얼마나고통스럽게사랑하고있는가 ··················95
＊죄악으로병든내영혼이 ··················98
＊여인이여,당신은나의고백을수없이들었소 ··················99
우리시대 ··················101
＊이별에는고귀한의미가있다 ··················102
숙명 ··················103
＊믿지마라.그가변함없이나를사랑하고있다고 ··················104
＊사랑을위한간절한너의기도 ··················105
＊그눈동자를기억한다,오,그눈빛 ··················106
쌍둥이 ··················108
마지막사랑 ··················109
＊이가난한마을 ··················110
＊그녀는바닥에앉아 ··················111
＊그녀는온종일몽롱한의식속에누워있었다 ··················113
＊러시아는이성으로이해할수없다 ··················115
K.B. ··················116
＊진노하는신은내게서모든것을앗아갔소! ··················118
해설 ··················119
지은이에대해 ··················124
옮긴이에대해 ··················128
러시아낭만주의의대표자.자연시,철학시,사랑시의대가.러시아의영혼을노래한시인튜체프.국내에는그다지알려지지않은그의주옥같은작품을모았다.그가푸시킨과함께러시아의대표적인시인으로손꼽히는이유를알수있다.
출판사책소개
본책에서소개하는튜체프역시한국의독자들에게는매우생소한러시아시인이다.하지만튜체프는러시아와그영혼을노래한주옥같은작품을쓴기라성같은러시아시인의한사람이다.한국의독자들에게알려진푸시킨과동시대사람으로서푸시킨에버금갈정도로러시아인들사이에서자주회자되고읽히는시인으로러시아낭만주의시기를풍미했던대표적시인이다.
1820년대와1830년대에튜체프는많은시들을썼다.그중＜침묵(Silentium)＞(1830),＜당신이상상하는것은자연이아니다(Нето,чтомнитевы,природа)＞(1836),＜밤바람이여,무엇을울부짖는가?(Очемтывоешь,ветрночной?)＞(1836)등이그의대표적인시들로꼽힌다.튜체프의시에서자연은가장중요한소재이며,자연과인간에대한명상과성찰이튜체프시의핵심적인테마다.그의시에서자연은하나의살아있는유기체로서인간적현존의상징으로등장한다.일명자연시로불리는튜체프의시는자연에대한세밀한묘사와철학적이고상징적인이미지들을보여주고있으며,이러한가운데인간의존재론적문제들을심도있게다루고있다.
많은비평가들은튜체프의시를‘철학시’라고평가하기도한다.그대표적인시로＜환상(Видение)＞(1829),＜대양이지구를감싸듯…(Какокеанобъемлетшарземной...)＞(1830),＜낮과밤(Деньиночь)＞(1839)등이있다.이와같은시들의핵심주제는계몽주의사상이천명하는이성에대한절대적숭배를거부하는것이다.이시들에서튜체프는이성을인식영역의원동력이라고인정하지않으며,‘차가운이성’을감성의우위에두지않는자신의철학적태도를표출한다.달리말하면이성에의한논리와합리에기초한인간의인식적능력보다‘직관’에의한인식적능력을더욱중요시하고있다.직관에대한튜체프의철학적관점은시에서‘무의식’이나‘꿈’이라는모티브를통해형상화되고있다.
튜체프의시는자연시혹은철학시라는특징이외에한여인에대한사랑을노래한시로도유명하다.그사랑의시들은≪데니시예바선집≫이라는계열적인시로독립해구분되기도한다.이선집의시들은데니시예바(E.Денисьева)와의사랑이준희열과고통,그리고그녀의죽음으로인한튜체프의죄의식을주요화두로삼고있다.사랑을‘운명적인결합이며운명적인투쟁’이라고정의하고있는튜체프의사랑에관한시들은현재까지사랑을노래한러시아시의정수로꼽히고있다.
튜체프자신은스스로를탁월한시인으로인정하기를꺼렸지만,그는당대의시인들뿐만아니라20세기초러시아문학의은세기에시문학을주도했던상징주의시인들의스승이자우상이기도했다.상징주의시인들은자연을소재로한튜체프의시에나타난철학적상징들과이미지를높이평가했으며,그의시세계를탐독하고답습하고자했다.상징주의자들에게튜체프는누구도모방할수없는위대한시인이며,철학자이자예언자였다.
현대에도튜체프의시는러시아시를아는첫걸음이되고있으며,모국어를배우기시작하는러시아의어린아이들이처음으로접하는러시아시인중의한명이다.물론러시아문학교육과정에서필수적으로다루어지는러시아작가의한사람이기도하다.
번역에사용된원문은러시아과학아카데미산하나우카(Nauka)출판사에서1966년출판된≪튜체프시전집≫이다.본번역문에실린82편의시들은19세기러시아시를통합하는다양한시선집에포함된시들을우선적으로선정하는기준에의해선택된것이다.원문으로읽어야만음미할수있는러시아시의운율이나압운을전달할수없는안타까움을조금이라도보상하고자,시가전하는철학적내용이나의미들을파악할수있도록하는것에초점을맞추어번역했음을밝혀둔다.