도덕적 인식의 기원

프란츠브렌타노

저자프란츠브렌타노(FranzBrentano,1838∼1917)는기술심리학또는지향성이론을세운것으로평가받는다.1864년에로마가톨릭사제로임명되었고,1866년에는철학사강사(무임금강사)가되었으며,1872년에는뷔르츠부르크대학의교수로취임했다.교황의무오류성의교리(1870)로인해종교적의심이깊어진그는1873년에교직과사제직을사직하고저술활동에몰두하여가장유명하고영향력있는≪경험적관점에서본심리학(PsychologievomempirischenStandpunkte)≫(1874)을출간했다.이책에서그는영혼과학이라할수있는체계적심리학을제시해‘내재적객관성’에대한스콜라철학이론을현대화했다.1874년에브렌타노는빈대학교의교수로임명되었고,1895년까지머무는동안학생들사이에서폭넓은인기를누렸는데,그중에서지크문트프로이트,심리학자카를슈툼프,철학자에드문트후설,현대체코슬로바키아를세운토마시마사리크등이그의제자들이다.

편집자서문 ···················xi

1판머리말 ····················3
1.법률에대한역사와철학의가치:오스트리아에서법학개혁에관한새로운제안 ·········9
2.우리의주제:빈법률협회에서행한예링의강연과의관계 ·······················10
3.‘자연법’이라는표현의이중적의미 ········11
4.예링과일치하는점:‘자연법’과‘민족법’의거부,윤리이전의시대를정치적으로상정함 ·········12
5.예링과대립하는점:자연적으로인식되는보편타당한도덕법칙이존재한다.물음의상대적독립성 ····15
6.‘자연적제재’의개념 ··············16
7.자연적제재개념을철학자들이오해한부분 ····19
8.습관적으로발달해온감정적충동자체는제재가아니다 ·······················19
9.희망과공포라는동기자체도아직제재가아니다 ··20
10.더높은힘에의해의지가명령된다는생각도자연적제재가아니다 ··················21
11.윤리적제재는논리적법칙과비슷한명령이다 ··23
12.미학적관점.그것은논리학에서도,윤리학에서도옳은것일수없다 ·················24
13.칸트의정언명법은활용할수없는허구다 ····27
14.심리학적채비가필요한이유 ··········30
15.궁극목적없는의욕은없다 ··········30
16.어떤목적이올바른가는윤리학의주요물음이다 ·31
17.올바른목적은도달할수있는것중에서최선의것이다.이규정의불분명함에관하여 ··········32
18.‘선하다’는개념의기원에관하여.그것은이른바외적지각의영역에서는나오지않는다 ········34
19.모든심리적인것의공통된특징 ········36
20.심리현상의세부류:표상,판단,심정의활동 ···37
21.믿음과부정,사랑과미움의대립 ········45
22.대립하는심적태도에서는언제나하나가옳다면다른하나는옳지않다 ···············45
23.선의개념 ··················46
24.좁은의미의선과다른것을위해선한것의구별 ··50
25.사랑한다는것이언제나사랑할만한가치가있음을증명하지않는다 ·················53
26.맹목적판단과통찰적판단 ···········54
27.마음에들거나들지않는영역에서판단과의유추적구별:선한것의기준 ·············56
28.선의다의성:이와결합된물음들 ········82
29.‘더선한것’이란더강렬하게사랑받을가치가있다고이해될수있는가,없는가? ··82
30.더선하다는개념의올바른규정 ········84
31.어떤것이그자체로선호된다는것을우리는언제어떻게아는가?선악이대립할때인가,어느한쪽이결여된경우인가,동일한것에덧붙여지는경우인가? ···85
32.이문제를풀수없다면 ············90
33.쾌락주의자들은이점에서유리한지점에있는가? ·94
34.어느한쪽의결여가우리가우려하는것보다훨씬덜나쁜이유는? ···················97
35.실천적최고선의영역 ·············97
36.모든고귀한소질들의조화로운발전 ······103
37.법적한계에대한자연적제재 ·········104
38.실증적도덕법칙에대한자연적제재 ······111
39.자연적제재가갖는힘 ············111
40.윤리적규칙의올바른상대성과잘못된상대성 ··112
41.기존하는특수규정들은어떻게도출되었는가 ··115
42.왜다른철학자들도길을우회해서우리와같은목표에도달하는가? ·················119
43.일반적으로만연해있는윤리적진리는어디서유래한것인가?자신의의식과정에대한불명료성 ···120
44.개별적으로언급된요인들이미친영향들의흔적 ·123
45.영향력을행사하는저급한흐름들 ·······128
46.윤리적발전과유사윤리적발전의구별에즈음하여우리는오해하지않도록주의해야한다. ······131
47.윤리이전시대에이미발전해온유사윤리적가치:사회적질서의확립,소질의형성,입법자로서윤리학을위한규칙의입안,천편일률적인공식주의의예방 ·134
48.이측면에서계속행사되는영광스러운영향들 ··137
49.다시금법적·정치적연구의개혁에관하여 ···138

부록
I.윤리원칙의선천적특징에관하여 ·······143
II.심정의결단과최고도덕법칙의형성에관하여 ··149
III.파생적도덕법칙의상대성이론에대하여 ····156
IV.처벌동기와처벌기준 ············161
V.에피쿠로스와전쟁 ··············170
VI.윤리에대한젊은벤저민프랭클린의공격 ····175
VII.모든부수적존재의제1원인이갖는도덕적완전성에관하여 ···················185
VIII.행복과불행 ················194
IX.사랑과미움에관하여 ·············201

찾아보기 ····················245

해설 ······················257
지은이에대해 ··················284
옮긴이에대해 ··················286

프란츠브렌타노는현대철학의형성,특히현상학에큰영향을미친철학자다.우리에게는상대적으로덜알려져있지만,현상학의창시자인에드문트후설과작용심리학자인카를슈툼프등이바로브렌타노의제자들이다.현대철학사가인볼프강슈테크뮐러는그를현대철학의분기점으로삼았다.
브렌타노철학의특징을한마디로표현하면,‘철학의무선입견성’이다.이말은미래의철학이결코“선조들의판단에의해노예처럼규정되어서는안된다”는것을의미한다.그것은현대철학이베이컨이나데카르트의정신안에서맹목적으로아프리오리하게규정될수없다는점을강조한것이다.이렇게종래의정신에함몰되어있는철학을브렌타노는‘선입견의철학’이라불렀다.이에대비되는말이(경험에입각한)‘학문적철학’인데,이러한학문적철학의토대를브렌타노는새로운심리학,즉‘경험적입장에서본기술심리학’에서찾았다.그리고그가남긴이책은기술심리학의탐구와분석에엄청난기여를했다.윤리학의근본원리에관해매우훌륭한논의를펼친다.
브렌타노는이논문에서윤리학도궁극적으로명증적판단이나통찰적판단같은직접적인기준을결여해서는안된다는점을지적한다.그것은어떤올바른느낌,선호,의욕,의무를부과하는규범에관해말하거나법과정의,그자체로가치충만한것이나선한것에관해말하는것이무의미하게사라져버리지않는순간을인간의의식속에떠올림으로써가능한일이다.그래서브렌타노는이저술에서는어떤윤리사상도제시하지않았다.오히려우리의모든삶속에들어있는도덕적의식에서시작해서최종적인경험에이르기까지심리학적으로분석해들어간다.