주자 시선

주희

저자주희(朱熹,1130∼1200)는주자의이름은주희(朱熹,1130∼1200)이며,자는원회(元晦)또는중회(仲晦),호는회암(晦庵),시호는‘문(文)’이어서‘주문공(朱文公)’이라부른다.원적은흡주(翕州)무원[?源,지금의장시성(江西省)우위안시]인데,흡주가남송때휘주(徽州)로개칭되었고,휘주(지금의안후이성)아래쪽에신안강(新安江)이흘러서그의본관을‘신안’이라고한다.주자는공자와맹자이후로중국역대최고사상가중한사람이다.북송5자[주돈이,정호,정이,장재,소옹(邵雍)]의유가학문을집대성하면서,주돈이의‘태극(太極)’을정호의‘천리(天理)’와같은것으로보고,정이의‘성즉리(性卽理)’사상을발전시켜성리학을완성했다.또중국유가경전을정리해≪논어(論語)≫,≪맹자(孟子)≫,≪대학(大學)≫,≪중용(中庸)≫을4서로,≪시경(詩經)≫,≪상서(尙書)≫,≪주역(周易)≫,≪예기(禮記)≫,≪춘추(春秋)≫를5경으로분류했다.19세때진사에급제한이후,고종(高宗),효종(孝宗),광종(光宗),영종(寧宗)등네임금이차례로바뀌는동안실제로벼슬을한기간은지방관리로8년여,황제에게조언과강의를하는벼슬인궁중시강으로46일,도합9년이채되지않는다.그는관직생활을제외한대부분의시간을무이산과부근의숭안,건양등지에서보냈다.주자는강경한성격과단호한태도로인해여러사람들로부터오해를받았는데,결국당시실세인한탁주(韓??)의의도적인배척과호굉이작성하고심계조(沈繼祖)가올린탄핵문에의해1196년시강과사당관리직에서해임되었으며,1198년에는‘위학(僞學)’으로내몰려가르치고배우는것이일절금지되었다.물론‘위학’규정에따라벼슬도하지못했다.그는향년71세의나이로1200년음력3월9일에건양고정(孤亭)마을의창주정사(滄州精舍)에서숨을거두었다.
사후인1208년에시호를받았고,정치적인탄압때문에1221년이되어서야겨우행장(行狀),즉전기가나올수있었다.그의사위인황간(黃?,1152∼1221)이썼다.1227년에는‘태사(太師)’라는칭호를받아‘신국공(信國公)’에추봉(追封)되었으며,이듬해‘휘국공(徽國公)’으로개봉(改封)되었다.
그가편찬한책은80여종,남아있는편지글은2000여편,대화록은140편에달하며,총자수로는2천만자나된다.주요저서로는≪사서장구집주(四書章句集注)≫,≪초사집주(楚辭集注)≫,≪시집전(詩集傳)≫,≪자치통감강목(資治通鑑綱目)≫,≪송명신언행록(宋名臣言行錄)≫등이있으며,그의제자들이편찬한≪주자어류(朱子語類)≫,≪문공가례(文公家禮)≫,≪주회암집(朱晦庵集)≫등이있다.그리고여조겸과공동편찬한≪근사록(近思錄)≫은주돈이(周敦?),정호(程顥),정이(程?),장재(張載)의글과말에서622개항목을가려뽑아14개의주제별로분류정리한책으로,이후성리학자들이가장중시하는문헌중하나가되었다.주자는경학,사학,문학,불학(佛學)뿐만아니라‘이(理)’가물질세계의근원에존재한다는차원에서심지어는자연과학서적까지도고증을거치고훈고를행해올바른주석을달았다.

구곡도가(九曲櫂歌)10수··············3
서시·····················9
일곡····················11
이곡····················14
삼곡····················16
사곡····················18
오곡····················20
육곡····················22
칠곡····················24
팔곡····················26
구곡····················28
추진정·····················30
충우관·····················32
방지······················35
청허당(일명무이정사관묘당에서묵다)······39
제1수····················39
제2수····················41
오공제시의각운자를써서짓다··········42
천주봉·····················46
승진관·····················48
승진동·····················50
선학암·····················52
대소장봉····················54
무이정사잡영(武夷精舍雜詠)12수·········56
무이정사를여러가지로읊고서문을아우름···56
정사·····················61
인지당····················63
은구실····················65
지숙료····················67
석문오····················69
관선재····················71
한서관····················73
만대정····················75
철적정····················77
낚시터····················79
차끓이는부엌················81
고깃배····················83
오공제＜정사＞시의각운자를쓰다········85
무이정사를둘러보다···············87
대은병(일명무이산에서유람하다요초줍기를서로기약하면서,운자를나누어집어요자를얻었다)··91
앙고당에서유공보를추모하며···········95
영봉(일명무이산을지나며짓다)··········97
악경을위해곡을하다···············99
도수갱에서짓다·················102
종정인중기와태사인경인과함께산을유람하는데,문숙과무실또한이르러기뻐하다········105
앞의각운자를써서중기와이별하다········110
유자징이멀리서양구를보냈는데,또한인을품고의를돕는말이있었다.두수의절구를지어사례하며,천리먼곳에하찮은것을보낸다··············115
산을나와도중에즉석에서시를짓다·······118


해설······················121
지은이에대해··················126
옮긴이에대해··················150

책소개
성리학을집대성하고사서오경을확립해공자다음가는성인으로추앙받는주희.그러나그가산수시의대가라는점은잘알려지지않았다.조선시대사림에게큰영향을준＜무이도가＞를비롯해주자의산수시23편45수를실었다.산과물가운데흥이있고도가있다.

출판사책소개
주자는일생동안강학과저술에온힘을바쳤지만,어려서부터시짓기도게을리하지않았다.하지만정호와정이의이학을신봉하기시작하면서‘언지서정(言志抒情)’을위주로하는시창작에대해심리적갈등을많이겪었다.특히주돈이가주창한‘문이재도(文以載道)’라는글의역할과정이의‘작문해도(作文害道:글을짓는것은도를해치는것이다)’라는극단적견해로인해고민을많이했다.그러나수려한산수경물을보면감정이동하고시흥(詩興)이이는것은어쩔수없는일이었다.이는가학(家學)과사승(師承)의관계에서그이유를찾을수있다.그의부친인주송은당시작시와시학에능한유학자로≪위재집(韋齋集)≫을세상에내놓았으며,천주(泉州)태수인사극가(謝克家)가주송의시재를높이평가해이름을떨쳤다.또한주자의청소년시절스승이었던유자휘도유학자이자유명한시인이었다.그리하여주자는어려서부터유학자로서뿐만아니라시인으로서도자질을키웠다.남송효종이융흥(隆興)연간(1163∼1164)에공부시랑(工部侍郞)호전(胡銓)에게훌륭한시인을물색하라는명을내렸는데,이에1170년말에올린상소문에주자를비롯한15명의명단을올렸다.이때주자의나이41세였다.또한주자는28세에≪목재정고(牧齋淨稿)≫라는시집을편찬했고,이후계속해서10여권의시집을냈다.≪주문공문집≫을보면,앞10권에모두1210수의시사(詩詞)를수록했고,별집과유집에도187수의시를수록했다.최근연구결과에따르면≪전송시≫에도약90수가있으니,도합1487수가된다(장세후옮김,≪주자시100선≫6쪽).
주자의시가중에가장많은시는산수시다.그는일생의대부분을정사와서원에서강학과저술에힘썼다.그의정사와서원은모두수려한산수자연을배경으로하고있다.그는천성적으로산수를좋아했을뿐만아니라,강학과저술로일관된무미건조한일상생활에서벗어나새로운활력과리듬을찾고자명승지를탐방하고승경을감상하며풍물을노래했다.물론길지않은관직생활을하면서도여러곳에유람의족적을남겼다.그는언제나이학가의본분에서벗어나지않기위해애를많이썼다.‘음풍농월(吟風弄月)’이라고하는자체가유학자의신분과는배치되기때문에스스로경각심을야기해수시로반성과사변을통해극복하고자노력했다.하지만천성적인산수사랑과풍부한시정,그리고탁월한시작능력이때로는그의이성적사변을무기력하게만들었다.그래서‘학도(學道)’와‘음시(吟詩)’의절충을모색했는데,‘공문시교(孔門詩敎:공자문하의시교육)’를근거로시작의당위성을내세웠고,음풍농월의행위또한이학가들에게활력과심리적안정을위해꼭필요한대사작용이라고스스로간주했다.더욱이천지만물에이(理)가존재한다는점에서산수를관조하고산수미를파악하는것은천리(天理)를깨우치려하는것으로,이학가가내세우는격물치지(格物致知)의주장과도상응하는것이라여겼다.따라서‘음풍농월’하는것은산수자연으로부터각경물이지니고있는존재이유와우주만물의섭리를깨우치는데일말의효용이있다고보았다.또한그의산수시에는남성적인강건함과호방하고웅대한풍격이많이등장하는데,이것은개인적인기질과도관련이있지만이학사상의심미관을그대로반영했기때문이라고도볼수있다.