프랑스혁명의 문화적 기원

로제샤르티에

저자로제샤르티에(RogerChartier,1945~)는1945년리옹에서태어났다.아날학파제4세대의선두주자로현재프랑스학계를주도하고있는대표적인학자로서,사회과학고등연구원의교수이자2007년부터는콜레주드프랑스의‘근대유럽의글쓰기와문화’교수에임명되었다.앙시앵레짐의교육,책,독서의역사에대해많은연구서를출간했고,앙시앵레짐사회의문화관행에대한연구에전념했다.대표적인저서로는≪관행과표상사이의문화사≫,≪16~18세기프랑스교육의역사≫,≪프랑스출판의역사≫,≪앙시앵레짐의독자와독서≫,≪프랑스근대초인쇄의문화적이용≫등이있다.

감사의글 ····················ix
프랑스어판서문 ··················x
영어판편집자서문 ···············xiii

제1장계몽사상과혁명,혁명과계몽사상 ······3
기원의망령 ····················6
텐:고전적이성에서혁명정신까지 ·········13
토크빌:문필정치와공사경험의대립 ·······20
앙시앵레짐의정치문화 ·············28
계몽사상이란무엇인가? ··············33

제2장공론영역과여론 ·············38
정치적공론영역 ·················39
이성의공적사용 ·················44
공중과민중 ···················53
여론법정 ····················59
공중의형성 ···················67

제3장출판의방식 ················75
1750년대의위기 ·················78
행정과사법,경찰과상업 ·············85
서적상에대한규정 ················93
법과필요성사이에서:묵인 ············98
출판특허와저작권 ···············105
문필영역의자율성 ···············110
출판:예속과해방 ················122

제4장책이혁명을만들었는가? ·········132
독자층의증가 ··················135
서적의변화 ···················139
해적판과금서 ··················144
‘계몽철학서’의유통 ···············149
계몽철학과‘저급문학’ ··············155
독서에서믿음으로 ················164
독서의공유와선택의모순 ············167
관행의직접성 ··················173
혁명이계몽사상을만들었는가? ··········178
책에서독서로:탈신성화된독서 ··········183

제5장비기독교화와세속화 ············189
영속성의종교 ··················191
감수성의변화:죽음,삶 ·············197
기독교적소명의위기 ··············206
이탈의이유들 ··················211
가톨릭종교개혁,비기독교화,신성의전이 ·····218

제6장왕의탈신성화 ··············226
악담 ······················231
군주정의탈신성화 ················239
단절의한계 ···················246
군주에대한순종과사적이해관계 ·········251
정치적제례의식에서궁정사회로 ·········254
궁정의공공성:현존이없는제례의식 ·······259
표상의변화 ···················264
왕의초상화 ···················273

제7장새로운정치문화 ·············278
민중문화의정치화? ···············279
반조세반란에서반영주소송까지 ·········288
1614∼1789:농민의기대변화 ··········296
도시:노동의갈등과정치의수습 ·········308
공적문필영역:살롱 ···············315
판단의능력:문예비평 ··············321
공적문필영역의정치화 ·············328
비밀스런자유와자유의비밀:프리메이슨 ·····332

제8장혁명에문화적기원이있는가? ·······344
종교적인것과정치적인것 ············346
법의언어 ····················350
궁정과도시 ···················361
수도와지방 ···················369
권위의침식 ···················380
좌절된지식인들과정치적급진주의 ········381

결론 ······················392
해설 ······················403
지은이에대해 ··················424
옮긴이에대해 ··················425

이미수없이연구되어온프랑스혁명의새로운관점을밝힌다.낡은정치,사상질서의근본적이고신속한붕괴를인식하고받아들이도록만든믿음과감수성의변화를인식하게한다.이러한의미에서로제샤르티에는프랑스혁명의‘문화적기원’을탐구한다.

1789년프랑스에서전개되었던사건들은200여년동안특권적인역사적지위를점해왔다.프랑스혁명이근대세계에끼친영향은,그리스·로마가르네상스와그유산에끼친영향에비유할수있다.행위와사건,열정과투쟁,의미와상징들이압축된세계,인간행동의본질·조건·가능성을정치·문화·사회과정과관련지어이해하려는시도속에서끊임없이재고되고다시상상되는세계라는점에서그러하다.세계를변화시키고자하는사람들에게,프랑스혁명은지금도계속해서다듬어지고확대되고있는토대를제공한다.세계를해석하는사람들에게,프랑스혁명은근대세계를낳은이비범한변화의본질의이해에대한끊임없는도전을제공한다.

이책은혁명의기원을전적으로경제적이거나사회적이아니라문화적인것으로가정했다.이에몇몇비판자들은지나치게관념적이라고평했으며모든‘실제’는담론으로구성된다고보는‘언어로의전환’에고무된책의반열에놓았다.이와달리,문화관행과집단표상을강조하는사람들은이책을사상이나이론,원칙을제대로검토하지않고지극히사회학적인접근방법으로서술했다고평했다.
혁명이계몽사상을만들어냈을가능성이있다는문제제기에대해어떤이들은지나치게도발적이며전통을파괴하는것이아니냐고비판했다.물론샤르티에는중요한역사적현상으로서계몽사상의존재자체를부정하지는않았다.단지혁명가들이어떻게혁명이전에몇몇작가와책을혁명을예견하고정당화하는것으로이해했는지를보여주고자했을따름이다.
혁명이계몽사상에시도한작업은크게두가지사실에서확인할수있다.첫째는사상사조차도제대로보여주지못하는부분으로,계몽사상세계는아주다양한차이를드러낸다는사실이다.철학적인활동과지적인세대들사이에서도차이가나타난다.예로급진적유토피아주의자와개혁사상가들사이에,또한18세기중반의백과전서세대와1780년대의‘철학적예언가’세대사이에대립이있었다.
둘째사실은혁명가들이과거와맺고있는관계를어떻게보는가에따라다르다.혁명은절대적인시작으로생각되지만,그럼에도불구하고역사속에서그전조가나타나정당화되어야하는사건이기에이것에는역설이자리할수밖에없다.