셰익스피어 소네트 (개정판)

윌리엄셰익스피어

1564년태어나서1616년타계한,영국이낳은세계최고의극작가이다.그는'무덤없는기념비'요,'시대를초월한정신'이며'21세기글로벌문화의상징'이되고있다.예나지금이나셰익스피어가세계무대를휩쓸면서뜨거운감동을주는이유는그의작품이최고의정신개조자료가되기때문이다.셰익스피어소네트154편은인생의의미,인간의본성,사랑과자비,덕행,정의,세상의진상(眞相),인간관계등을이해하는데도움이되는인생교과서이다.

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■작품해설

작품세계

엘리자베스조시대인튜더중반기의영국사회는급변하면서프로테스턴트종교로가는과정에있었다.국가융성의신바람나는런던에돌풍처럼천재적인셰익스피어가나타났다.당시르네상스영국인들은그무엇으로도설명할수없는위대한극작가앞에서망연자실했다.셰익스피어는'영국의호메로스'였다.타고난'지혜'의본체였다.그는자신의법칙을스스로만들어냈다.그는세상모든법칙의예외적존재였다.그가소네트를발표하더니,1590년한해동안에1,200편의소네트가인쇄되어유포되면서1950년대초기와중기에소네트는영국시단의대세가되었다.1598년,셰익스피어의소네트원고의존재를알린것은목사프랜시스메레스(FrancisMeres)였다.그의책『PalladisTamia』에서“친구들간에셰익스피어의소네트가읽히고있다”는사실이언급되었다.이듬해인쇄된『열렬한순례(PassionatePilgrim)』(1599)는당대시인들의사화집(詞華集)인데,그속에셰익스피어의시가다섯편수록되었고,두편(소네트138,144)은1609년판『셰익스피어소네트』시집에재수록되었으며,나머지세편은〈사랑의헛수고(Love'sLabour'sLost)〉(1594~1695)4막에서인용한것이었다.
셰익스피어의소네트는1인칭목소리로시인의정감어린사랑의심정을우정어린편지로젊은이에게전달하며단연돋보였다.전편에짙게표현된좌절과승리의인간관계는'검은여인'과'경쟁시인'이등장하면서소네트의플롯은도입과전개와위기(crisis)를지나용서와화해로종결된다.
1597년이후소네트의열기가식으면서시집출간은뜸해지고,셰익스피어는희곡창작에열중하게되었다.
시집『셰익스피어소네트』는1609년출판업자토머스소프(ThomasThorpe)에의해출판되었다.이책은저자의인증(認證)이없었다.셰익스피어의헌사도없이출판인이“Mr.W.H.”에게바친다는말만적혀있다.
셰익스피어의소네트창작은1592년에서1594,95년으로추정된다.런던에전염병이유행해서극장문을닫았던시기가1592년과그이듬해였다.〈비너스와아도니스〉(1593)와〈루크리스의겁탈〉(1594)이발표된시기와도맞물리고있다.1593년과1596년사이에썼다는설도있다.소네트107은1603년에쓴것이라고생각된다.그이유는1603년엘리자베스여왕이사망하고,제임스1세가즉위했기때문이다.그내용이이시에암시되어있다.셰익스피어친구들사이에서시집원고가사적으로회람(回覽)되었다는사실이메레스목사의간행물(1598년10월)에서알려지고,소네트104는셰익스피어가그의친구를만나서3년이지났음을언급하고있는데,이내용도창작연도를결정하는데참고가된다.
셰익스피어의소네트는끊임없는찬탄과풀리지않는의문으로논란의대상이되고있다.언제집필되었는가?누구에게헌정되는가?자서전인가상상적인허구인가?셰익스피어는동성애를하고있는가?'검은여인'은누구인가?셰익스피어의연인인가?소네트에서언급된'경쟁시인'은누구인가?
-역자이태주해설중에서