원문과 함께 읽는 셰익스피어 소네트

윌리엄셰익스피어

저자:윌리엄셰익스피어
역사상가장영향력있는극작가이자세계문학사에서빼놓을수없는불멸의거장.“한시대가아닌모든시대를위한작가”로불린셰익스피어의작품들은오늘날까지도세계곳곳에서끊임없이읽히고상연되며늘새롭게해석되고사랑받는다.그의작품들은영국을비롯한유럽문학은물론,세대와분야를불문하고문화전반에방대한영향을미쳐왔다.
1564년잉글랜드스트랫퍼드어폰에이번의부유한상인이자유지인가정에서태어났다.1586년무렵고향스트랫퍼드를떠나,1589년첫작품『헨리6세』를발표하며명성을얻기시작한다.그즈음부터이미왕실로부터두터운후의를입을만큼천재적재능을인정받았으며계층을가리지않고폭넓은인기를누렸다.특히1600~06년경에‘4대비극’인『햄릿』『오셀로』『리어왕』『맥베스』를차례로발표하며세계문학의위대한걸작들을남긴다.1610년경스트랫퍼드로돌아가『폭풍우』등을발표하며지내다가1616년그곳에서사망하고묻혔으며,평생37편의희곡과154편의쏘네트,2편의이야기시등을집필했다.당대를풍미한극작가로서천재적인언어능력과사회를꿰뚫는통찰을보여주었고,“만사람의마음을지녔다”라고일컬어질만큼인간에대한다각적이고깊은이해로타계한지400년이지나도록최고의작가로여전히자리하고있다.

역자:이태주
서울대학교영어영문학과를졸업하고같은대학원영어영문학과에서석사학위를받았다.이후미국하와이대학교및조지타운대학교대학원에서수학했다.
셰익스피어관련저서로『이웃사람셰익스피어』『원어와함께읽는셰익스피어명언집』『셰익스피어와함께읽는채근담』『셰익스피어4대비극』『셰익스피어4대희극』『셰익스피어4대사극』『셰익스피어와성서』『셰익스피어와종교』『셰익스피어의사랑과정치』등이,그외저서로『세계연극의미학』『연극은무엇을할수있는가』『브로드웨이』『R교수의연극론』『충격과방황의한국연극』『한국연극전환시대의질주』『재벌들의밥상』『유진오닐：빛과사랑의여로』『불멸의연인들：로렌스올리비에와비비안리』『예술가의연인들』등이있다.
단국대학교영어영문학과및연극영화학과교수·공연예술연구소장·대중문화예술대학원장,한국연극학회회장,국제연극평론가협회(IATC)집행위원겸아시아-태평양지역센터위원장,예술의전당이사,국립극장운영위원,서울시극단장,한국연극교육학회장,한국연극평론가협회회장,동아방송예술대학교초빙교수등을역임했다.현재공연예술평론가로활동하고있다.

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작품해설

엘리자베스조시대인튜더중반기의영국사회는급변하면서프로테스턴트종교로가는과정에있었다.국가융성의신바람나는런던에돌풍처럼천재적인셰익스피어가나타났다.당시르네상스영국인들은그무엇으로도설명할수없는위대한극작가앞에서망연자실했다.셰익스피어는‘영국의호메로스’였다.타고난‘지혜’의본체였다.그는자신의법칙을스스로만들어냈다.그는세상모든법칙의예외적존재였다.그가소네트를발표하더니,1590년한해동안에1,200편의소네트가인쇄되어유포되면서1950년대초기와중기에소네트는영국시단의대세가되었다.1598년,셰익스피어의소네트원고의존재를알린것은목사프랜시스메레스(FrancisMeres)였다.그의책『PalladisTamia』에서“친구들간에셰익스피어의소네트가읽히고있다”는사실이언급되었다.이듬해인쇄된『열렬한순례(PassionatePilgrim)』(1599)는당대시인들의사화집(詞華集)인데,그속에셰익스피어의시가다섯편수록되었고,두편(소네트138,144)은1609년판『셰익스피어소네트』시집에재수록되었으며,나머지세편은<사랑의헛수고(Love’sLabour’sLost)>(1594~1695)4막에서인용한것이었다.
셰익스피어의소네트는1인칭목소리로시인의정감어린사랑의심정을우정어린편지로젊은이에게전달하며단연돋보였다.전편에짙게표현된좌절과승리의인간관계는‘검은여인’과‘경쟁시인’이등장하면서소네트의플롯은도입과전개와위기(crisis)를지나용서와화해로종결된다.
1597년이후소네트의열기가식으면서시집출간은뜸해지고,셰익스피어는희곡창작에열중하게되었다.
시집『셰익스피어소네트』는1609년출판업자토머스소프(ThomasThorpe)에의해출판되었다.이책은저자의인증(認證)이없었다.셰익스피어의헌사도없이출판인이“Mr.W.H.”에게바친다는말만적혀있다.
셰익스피어의소네트창작은1592년에서1594,95년으로추정된다.런던에전염병이유행해서극장문을닫았던시기가1592년과그이듬해였다.<비너스와아도니스>(1593)와<루크리스의겁탈>(1594)이발표된시기와도맞물리고있다.1593년과1596년사이에썼다는설도있다.소네트107은1603년에쓴것이라고생각된다.그이유는1603년엘리자베스여왕이사망하고,제임스1세가즉위했기때문이다.그내용이이시에암시되어있다.셰익스피어친구들사이에서시집원고가사적으로회람(回覽)되었다는사실이메레스목사의간행물(1598년10월)에서알려지고,소네트104는셰익스피어가그의친구를만나서3년이지났음을언급하고있는데,이내용도창작연도를결정하는데참고가된다.
셰익스피어의소네트는끊임없는찬탄과풀리지않는의문으로논란의대상이되고있다.언제집필되었는가?누구에게헌정되는가?자서전인가상상적인허구인가?셰익스피어는동성애를하고있는가?‘검은여인’은누구인가?셰익스피어의연인인가?소네트에서언급된‘경쟁시인’은누구인가?
―역자이태주해설중에서