Business and Human Rights : Between Obligation and Responsibility

Jong-GilWoo

저자:Jong-GilWoo
Jong-GilWOOholdsanLL.B.andaMasterofLawfromKoreaUniversityintheRepublicofKorea,obtainedin1992and1994respectively,aswellasanLL.M.fromHarvardLawSchoolin1995.HewascalledtotheNYStateBarin2006.ThethesismakesextensiveuseofofficialUNpublications,includingpublicresolutions,reports,generalcomments,andotherguidancedocuments,suchasthosefromtreatybodies,theHumanRightsCouncil,andtheUNGuidingPrinciplesonBusinessandHumanRights.However,theviewsexpressedhereinarethoseoftheauthoranddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheUnitedNations.

Introduction_13

Part1:_Fundamentalsofthe“StateObligation”toRespect,ProtectandFulfil

HumanRightsinRelationtoBusinessActivitiesandthe“Corporate

Responsibility”toRespectHumanRights_19

Chapter1:LegalBases_19

A.LegalBases_27

I.InternationalHumanRightsNormsandStandards_27

1.TheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights_29

2.InternationalTreaties_33

a.InternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights_35

b.InternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights_39

c.OtherConventions_41

3.CustomaryInternationalLaw_43

4.IusCogens_46

5.GeneralPrinciplesofInternationalLaw_47

6._Standards(Combination/ZebraStandards)on

BusinessandHumanRights_49

B.InterimConclusions_52

Chapter2:DichotomyBetweenObligationandResponsibility_57

A.TheStateObligationtoProtect_58

I.TreatyProvisions_60

II.RequiredMeasures_64

1.Monitoring_64

2.Regulation_66

3.Adjudication_67

a.Investigation_68

b.Prosecution_68

c.Therighttoremedy_69

d.Reparation_70

4.PromotionalMeasures_70

B.TheCorporateResponsibilitytoRespect_71

I.TheDefinition_73

II.HumanRightsDueDiligence_74

C.InterimConclusions_84

Part2:InterpretativeGuidancebyUNTreatyBodies_89

Chapter3:InterpretativeGuidanceofVariousTreatyBodies_89

A.MainFunctionsofTreatyBodies_89

B.GeneralComments_93

C.ConcludingObservations_108

D.InterimConclusions_112

Chapter4:_GeneralCommentsonStateObligationsundertheInternational

CovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRightsintheContext

ofBusinessActivities_115

A.StateObligations_121

I.ObligationsofNon-discrimination_121

II._SpecificObligationsLinkedtoBusinessActivities,Including

ExtraterritorialObligation_123

1.Obligationtorespect_125

2.Obligationtoprotect_128

3.Obligationtofulfil_134

B.Remedies_135

I.GeneralPrinciples_136

II.Typesofremedies_138

C.InterimConclusions_141

Part3:Voluntaryvs.LegallyBindingApproach_148

Chapter5:_ExistingInternationalVoluntaryGuidelinesonBusinessand

HumanRights_148

A.OECDGuidelinesforMultinationalEnterprises_151

I.Maincontent_153

II.Enforcementmechanisms_155

B._ILOTripartiteDeclarationofPrinciplesConcerningMultinational

EnterprisesandSocialPolicy_160

I.Maincontent_162

II.Enforcementmechanisms_166

C.TheUNGuidingPrinciplesonBusinessandHumanRights_168

I.TheStateDutytoProtect_175

1.FoundationalPrinciples_175

2.OperationalPrinciples_177

II.TheCorporateResponsibilitytoRespect_178

1.FoundationalPrinciples_179

2.OperationalPrinciples_181

III.AccesstoRemedy_182

1.FoundationalPrinciple_182

2.OperationalPrinciples_183

a.State-basedjudicialmechanisms_183

b.State-basednon-judicialgrievancemechanisms_184

c.Non-state-basedgrievancemechanisms_184

d.Effectivenesscriteria_185

D.InterimConclusions_187

Chapter6:_GlobalEffortstoImposeDirectObligationonCompaniestoRespect

HumanRights_194

A.TheNormsonHumanRightsResponsibilitiesofCompanies_194

I.GeneralandSpecificObligations_196

II.GeneralProvisionsofImplementation_199

B.TheUnitedNationsHumanRightsCouncilTreaty-MakingProcess_200

I.TheEvolutionaryTrajectory_200

1.BusinessEnterprisesasSubjectofInternationalLaw_207

II._TheUNHumanRightsCouncilOpen-EndedIntergovernmental

WorkingGrouponTransnationalCorporationsandOtherBusiness

EnterpriseswithRespecttoHumanRights_213

1.ScopeofApplication_217

a.TransnationalCorporationsvs.AllBusinesses_217

b.ExtraterritorialObligation_221

c.DirectObligation_226

2.FormandContent_231

a.AnOverarchingGeneralFrameworkConvention_231

b._ThematicallyfocusedIndividualConventionsoranOptional

ProtocoltoanExistingHumanRightsAgreement_233

3.PossibleElements_234

a.DefinitionofLegalResponsibilities_238

b.HumanRightsDueDiligence_239

c.MonitoringandImplementationMechanisms_241

d.ExtraterritorialObligation_243

e._RelationshipBetweentheFutureTreatyandTradeand

InvestmentAgreements_244

4.TheAdded-Value_247

a.CodificationandClarification_247

b.EstablishmentofInternational-levelEnforcementMechanisms_248

C.InterimConclusions_249

Part4:_HumanRightsCouncilMechanismsRelevanttoBusinessand

HumanRights_255

Chapter7:HumanRightsCouncilMechanisms_255

A._TheWorkingGroupontheIssueofHumanRightsandTransnational

CorporationsandOtherBusinessEnterprises_256

I.TheMandateandWorkingMethods_256

II._OperationalizationoftheUNGuidingPrinciplesonBusinessand

HumanRights_262

B.TheAnnualForumonBusinessandHumanRights_276

I.MainActivitiesand