정역 중국정사 조선·동이전 4

유후

(文盛哉)
우리역사연구재단책임연구원,국제PEN한국본부번역원중국어권번역위원장.고려대학교중어중문학과를졸업하고국비로중국에유학하여남경대학교(중국)와서울대학교에서문학과어학으로각각박사학위를받았다.그동안옮기거나지은책으로는《중국고전희곡10선》·《고우영일지매》(4권,중역)·《도화선》(2권)·《진시황은몽골어를하는여진족이었다》·《조선사연구》(2권)·《경본통속소설》·《한국의전통연희》(중역)·《처음부터새로읽는노자도덕경》·《루쉰의사람들》·《한사군은중국에있었다》·《한국고대사와한중일의역사왜곡》·《정역중국정사조선·동이전》(1~3)등이있다.2012년에는케이블T채널이기획한고대사다큐멘터리《북방대기행》(5부작)에학술자문으로출연했으며,현대어로쉽게풀이한정인보《조선사연구》가대한민국학술원‘2014년우수학술도서’(한국학부문1위),《루쉰의사람들》이한국출판문화산업진흥원‘2017년세종도서’(교양부문),《한국고대사와한중일의역사왜곡》이롯데장학재단의‘2019년도롯데출판문화대상’(일반출판부문본상)을수상하고,금년에는《박안경기》가대한민국학술원‘2023년우수학술도서’(인문학부문)로선정되었다.지금은곧선보일후속작《금관총의주인공이사지왕은누구인가》와함께《정역중국정사조선·동이전5》(신당서권)의번역을진행중이다.

〈우리국학총서〉를펴내며

1.서문······························································································005

2.《구당서》······················································································025

동이열전····························································································029
고려전ㆍ009~182
백제전ㆍ183~262
신라전ㆍ263~338

북적열전···························································································117
말갈전ㆍ240~368
발해말갈전ㆍ369~425

찬자평·····························································································203

3.《자치통감》·················································································025
당기
고조기ㆍ429~437
태종기ㆍ438~611
고종기ㆍ612~757
측천기ㆍ758~764
중종기ㆍ765~765
예종기ㆍ766~767
현종기ㆍ768~796

4.찾아보기······················································································797

ㆍ《구당서》와《자치통감》-‘기전체’와‘편년체’사서의전형
《구당서(舊唐書)》는당나라를건국한고조(高祖)로부터마지막황제애제(哀帝)까지총21대290년에걸친이당(李唐)왕조의역사를본기20권,지30권,열전150권등총200권으로다룬이른바‘기전체(紀傳體)’단대사(斷代史)이다.오대(五代)에이르러후진(後晉)의개국군주석경당(石敬塘)의명령으로편찬이시작되고5년뒤인출제(出帝)치세에재상이던유후(劉煦,887~946)가작업을마무리하였다.유후는자가요원(耀遠)으로,탁주(涿州)귀의(歸義)사람이며,사공(司空)ㆍ평장사(平章事)를거쳐재상으로있을때‘집정자가국사편찬의총책임자를맡는’관례에따라편찬자로이름을남겼다.원래는‘이당왕조의역사’라는뜻에서제목이《이씨서(李氏書)》로정해졌다가북송대부터《당서》로일컬어졌다.나중에구양수(歐陽修)등이《신당서(新唐書)》를편찬하자그‘전작’이라는뜻에서《구당서》로불리기시작하였다.〈동이전〉에는고[구]려ㆍ백제ㆍ신라ㆍ와국(倭國)ㆍ말갈ㆍ발해말갈(대씨발해)등의나라의연혁ㆍ지리ㆍ풍속및당나라와의교섭ㆍ책봉ㆍ전쟁이비교적자세히다루어져있다.
《자치통감(資治通鑑)》은전국시대주(周)나라의위열왕(威烈王)으로부터오대(五代)후주(後周)세종(世宗)까지총1,362년동안의중국역사를사건의발생한연·월·일순서로다룬이른바‘편년체(編年體)’통사(通史)이다.북송의정치가이자학자이던사마광(司馬光)등이20년동안작업을진행한끝에완성하였다.원래는‘역대군주와신하들의사적’을다루었다는뜻에서제목을《역대군신사적(歷代君臣事蹟)》로정하였다.그런데당시황제이던신종(神宗)이‘황제가나라를통치하는데에보탬이되는보편적인본보기’로삼자는뜻에서《자치통감》으로확정되었다.시대별로〈주기(周紀)〉ㆍ〈진기(秦紀)〉ㆍ〈한기(漢紀)〉ㆍ〈양기(梁紀)〉ㆍ〈진기(陳紀)〉ㆍ〈수기(隋紀)〉ㆍ〈당기(唐紀)〉ㆍ〈후량기(後梁紀)〉ㆍ〈후당기(後唐紀)〉ㆍ〈후진기(後晉紀)〉ㆍ〈후한기(後漢紀)〉ㆍ〈후주기(後周紀)〉등,총294권으로구성되었다.편찬자사마광(1019~1086)은철종(哲宗)초기에재상으로기용되자전임자왕안석(王安石)의‘신법(新法,혁신정치)’을파기하고‘구법(舊法,기존의정치체제)’으로환원시킨인물이다.


ㆍ이번책의특징
우리역사연구재단에서역자가지난몇년동안‘국학총서(國學叢書)’로선보인《정역중국정사조선ㆍ동이전》시리즈는학교에서배울수없었던,그래서아무도알지못했던한ㆍ중고대사의역사적사건ㆍ인물ㆍ장소들에대하여새로운시각과고증을제안해왔다.그렇다보니‘반도사관(半島史觀)’이지배하는국내학계로부터는역자의이같은주장과노력의결실이일종의‘금서(禁書)’처럼취급되어진것이엄연한사실이었다.그러나아이러니하게도2023년현재하버드대의옌칭(燕京)도서관,스탠포드대의동아시아도서관을위시하여콜럼비아ㆍ프린스턴ㆍUCLAㆍ사우스캘리포니아ㆍ코넬등미국유수의명문대및미국의회(Congress)ㆍ일본국회(日本國會)ㆍ일본토쿄도립(東京都立)등세계적인권위를가진도서관들에소장되어현지의한국사ㆍ중국사ㆍ동양사연구자들의참고서로널리활용되고있다.역자의노력과주장들이국내가아닌해외에서오히려그가치를널리인정받고있는셈이다.
이번《정역중국정사조선ㆍ동이전4》(구당서권)에서는독자ㆍ연구자들이‘기전체’정사《구당서》에수록된〈동이전(東夷傳)〉과〈북적전(北狄傳)〉에서소개한고[구]려ㆍ백제ㆍ신라ㆍ와국(倭國)ㆍ말갈ㆍ발해말갈(대씨발해)등의연혁ㆍ지리ㆍ풍속및당나라와의교섭ㆍ책봉ㆍ전쟁관련내용들을보다쉽고보다정확하게이해하고활용할수있도록돕기위하여‘편년체’《자치통감》의관련대목들에대한번역과주석을추가로부록하였다.그리고기존정사들에자주등장한중원의각종지명들로부터고구려의요택(遼澤)ㆍ요동성(遼東城)ㆍ백애성(白崖城,백암성)ㆍ안시성(安市城),백제의취리산(就利山)ㆍ옹산성(甕山城,공산성),신라의덕물도(德物島),발해의동모산(東牟山)ㆍ천문령(天門嶺)등까지,그동안7~8세기한ㆍ중고대사를공부하는과정에서논란이되어왔던역사의현장들에대한새로운지리ㆍ언어ㆍ고고적고증과해석을시도하였다.이중에서도7세기고구려-당나라의요동전쟁과정에서핵심적인공간인요택의좌표를기존의요녕성중부인요동반도의요하유역이아니라하북의택주(澤州)즉하북성과요녕성의집경지대로본것은그대표적인사례라고할수있다.그런의미에서볼때,이번책은주제별ㆍ사건별로소개된《구당서》열전들의내용을연도별ㆍ월별ㆍ일별로정밀하게대조하고,나아가한ㆍ중고대사의역사적진실들을검증하는과정에서유용한지침서가되어줄것으로기대된다.독자들은7~8세기한ㆍ중고대사의명장면들을《구당서》와《자치통감》을함께엮은이한권으로동시에완독할수있을것이다.