Women in North Korea : From Revolution to Markets

MiryangYoun

저자:MiryangYoun
BorninMasan,SouthKorea,ShegraduatedfromChung-AngUniversity,passedthePublicAdministrationExamination,andworkedfortheMinistryofUnificationinSouthKoreafrom1987to2015.

Preface
ChapterI.Introduction
1.1.KoreanCultureonWomen
1.2.ColonizationofKorea2
1.3.KimIlSungandWomen

ChapterII.NorthKoreanRevolutionandWomen(1945-1953)
2.1.FormationofNorthKoreanSystem
2.2.Legislationfor"SexEquality"
2.3.ReformMeasuresfor"SexEquality“
2.4.TheResponsesofWomen

ChapterIII.ReinstatingthePatriarchalOder(1953-1989)
3.1.EstablishmentoftheJucheThoughtSystem
3.2.BoastingoftheEmancipationofWomen
3.3.Working-ClassizationinTraditionalGenderRelations
3.4.PatriarchalOrderintheFamily
3.5.MaleSuperiorityintheSociety
3.6.Under-RepresentationofWomeninthePolitics
3.7.CopingStrategyofWomen

ChapterIV.TheArduousMarchandtheHouroftheWomen
4.1.KimJongIlRegime
4.2.TheGreatFamineandItsSocialImpacts
4.3.ThePlightofWomen
4.4.TheHouroftheWomen
4.5.ChangingSocietyandWomen
ChapterV.Conclusion

Appendices
1.ListofInterviewsCarriedoutbytheSejongInstitute
Appendix2.ListofBooksbasedonTestimoniesoftheRefugees
Appendix3.MajorLawsrelatedtotheStatusofWomen
Appendix4.ANoteontheRapeinNorthKoreanPenalCode

References
Index

TheauthorisanexpertonNorthKoreanaffairsinSouthKorea.
Sheholdsamaster'sdegreefromSeoulNationalUniversityandadoctoratefromLondonSchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience,U.K..
Afterpassingtheadministrativeexamination,heworkedfor27yearsandninemonthsattheMinistryofUnification,whichoverseesSouthKorea'sunificationpolicy.HeservedastheSouthKoreanrepresentativeatthenegotiatingtablewithNorthKorea.
SheservedasthePresidentofSettlementSupportCenterforNorthKoreanRefugees(Hanawon)fromMay2009toJune2012andasthePresidentofNationalInstituteforUnificationEducationfromAugust2013toFebruary2015.
WhenshewasavisitingscholarattheWoodrowWilsonCenterinWashington,D.C.,in2006-2007,sherealizedthattherewerenoEnglish-languagebooksaboutNorthKoreanwomen,soshewroteabookforuniversitystudentsandscholarsstudyingNorthKoreaintheUnitedStatesandotherWesterncountries.
SheanalyzedtheunyieldinglivesofNorthKoreanwomenwholedaNorthKorean-stylemarketeconomycalledJangmadang.

저자는한국내북한문제전문가이다.서울대학교에서석사학위를,영국런던정경대학에서박사학위를받았다.
행정고시에합격한후한국의통일정책을총괄하는통일부에서27년9개월간근무했다.북한과의협상테이블에서한국측대표로활동했다.
2009년5월부터2012년6월까지북한이탈주민정착지원센터(하나원)원장을,2013년8월부터2015년2월까지국립통일교육원장을역임했다.
2006~2007년미국워싱턴D.C.우드로윌슨센터에서방문학자로일하던중북한여성에대한영문서적이없다는사실을깨닫고미국을비롯한서방국가에서북한을연구하는대학생과학자들을위해책을집필했다.그녀는이책에서북한식시장경제인장마당을이끄는북한여성들의억척스러운삶을분석했다.

출판사리뷰
Nevertheless,womencontinuedtoworkoutsideandinsideofthehomeforthesakeoftheirfamilyandthemselves.

IthasbeenseventeenyearssinceIpublishedabooktitledThePolicytowardsWomeninNorthKorea(inKorean,1991).Duringthepastseventeenyears,manychangeshaveoccurred,sheddingnewlightsintothelifeofNorthKoreanpeople.KimIlSung,thesupremeleaderofNorthKorea,diedin1994.NorthKoreasufferedagreatfamineduringthemid-1990s.OnenotableaftermathofthefaminewasafloodofrefugeesfromNorthKoreatothirdnationsortoSouthKorea.Thereweretwointer-KoreanSummitsin2000and2007,manyroundsofseparatedfamilies'reunionevents,andmanyconferencesandgatheringsofsocio-culturalexchanges.Allthesechangesprovidedoutsidersanopportunitytolookintothesecretivestate.
Manyfriendsofmineurgedmetorevisetheaforementionedbookin
accordancewiththenewlydiscoveredfactsaboutNorthKorea.However,forme,thenewdiscoverieswereratherreinforcingmyargumentinthebook:AlthoughNorthKoreaclaimedtoemancipateitswomenasapartofsocialistrevolution,itspoliticalpowersuccessionfromfathertosonreinstatedthepatriarchalsocialorderandsubjugatedwomentomen.Myargumentremainedstrongandviableafteralmosttwodecadesofpublication.NorthKoreanwomenwerenotemancipated,andthepolicytowardswomeninNorthKoreawasnotemancipatingorgender-specific.ThereforeIhesitatedtoaddamediocrebooktotheoverabundantpublicationsinthebookstores.Anotherbookwouldbeatorturetosomeandaboretomostreaders.However,afterIarrivedattheWoodrowWilsonInternationalCenterforScholarsinWashingtonDConApril2006,IrealizedhowlittleoutsidersknewaboutwomeninNorthKorea,andmadeupmymind.ThereshouldbeatleastonebookaboutNorthKoreanwomeninEnglish,howeverboringitmightbe.
IfoneweretoGoogletheterm"NorthKoreanWomen,"heorshewouldmostlyfindnewsheadlinesdealingwithtrafficking,slavelabor,refugeesetc.ThiscreatesanimageofNorthKoreanwomenaspoor,weak,anddefenseless.Theimage,ofcourse,correctlyportraysanumberofNorthKoreanwomenindesperation.AfterthegreatfaminestruckNorthKoreainthemid1990s,manywomenfledtoChinaandotherneighboringcountriestoobtainfoods.Manywomenwerefallenvictimstothehuman-traffickingandslave-labor.However,notallNorthKoreanwomenweredefenselessvictims.Manyotherwomenvigorouslyfoughtagainstthefamine,andsurvived.Theytiltedthebarrensoilsandcultivatedgrainsandgroceries.Theyalsoboughtandsoldanythingthatcouldbechangedintomoneyandfood.Morewomenthanmenbecamethebreadwinnerofthefamilyandmanagedthefamilytosurvivethefamine.Theywerestrongmothersandbalddaughters.TheywerealsoneweconomicforcesthatdroveNorthKoreatomarketization.
ThisbookisahistoryofNorthKoreanwomenaftertheLiberationin1945tothepresent.Whereasmyaforementionedbookof1991wasaboutpublicpolicyofNorthKorea,thisbookisaboutwomen'sstrugglesince1945.MyargumentisthatwomeninNorthKoreahavealwaysbeenanactiveplayer,notapassiveobject,inthemakingoftheirlifeandtheNorthKoreanhistory.WhileNorthKoreangovernmentattemptedtograntwomen"equality"throughlegalandsocialreforms,persistentsocialcustomsandeconomicconditionshamperedwomentogainequalityinreality.Itwaswomen'sstrugglesandcontinuousefforttoobtainsocialrecognitionandchangeingenderrelations.
NorthKorealaunchedacommunistrevolutionduringthelate1940s.TheNorthKoreanrevolutionattemptedtochangethewholesocietyandthestatusofwomen.NorthKoreanregimepromisedequalityofmenandwomen,andtookmeasurestomobilizewomenintosocietyoutsideofthehomeinaccordancewiththeMarx-Engels'theoryofwomen'semancipation.Duringthisrevolutionaryera,from1945to1950,womenactivelyparticipatedinsocialandpoliticalralliesandpolls.DuringthedisastrousKoreanWarwomentookthemachinesinsteadoftheirsoldierhusbandsandsons,andcultivatedthericefields.ManywomenbecamethelaborheroesandadvancedintotheSupremePeople'sAssembly.Theproportionofwomeninthelaborforcereacheduptoahal